PHS ROYAL: COMMISSION ON HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS
tl
Report on torresvondence and papers of
TORKEL WEIS-FOGH (1922-1975)
Zoologist
1941-1976
deposited in Cambridge University
Library
Archives Centre
London WC2A 1HP
THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON HIS
ON HISTORICAL MANUSCRIPTS
IN
(csAC 65/3/79)
Quality House, Quality Court, Chancery Lane,
Reproduced for the Contemporary Scientific
All rights reserved
by
1979
CSAC 65/3/79
CONTEMPORARY SCIENTIFIC ARCHIVES CENTRE
British National Committee for the History of Science, Medicine and Technology
under the guidance of the Royal Society’s
Catalogue of the papers of
TORKEL WEIS-FOGH
(1922-1975)
Zoologist
Deposited in the University Library, Cambridge, 1979
Compiled by: Jeannine Alton
Julia Latham- Jackson
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
LIST OF CONTENTS
Each Section is prefaced by an introductory note
General Introduction
BIOGRAPHICAL AND PERSONAL
EARLY WORK AND RESEARCH ON LOCUST
FLIGHT, 1941-58
B.1-B.143
Bot.
= Ba
Early research and work in
August Krogh's laboratory
B.50 -
B.66
Work on locust flight muscle
B.67 -
B.143
Locust Flight'
C.1-C.103
C.1
-
C.11
C.12 -
€.30
Early work onresilin
Material relating to the
Other research (mainly
"Biology and Physics of
RESEARCH IN COPENHAGEN, 1957-66
in insects
C.31 -
©€.103
Research on the properties
on insect physiology)
of resilin and elastomers
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RESEARCH IN CAMBRIDGE, 1966-75
Dv s-
D.34
Research on resjlin and
elastin
Material relating to the
Biological Microprobe
Laboratory
D.36 -*»
De38?
Research on 'Intracellular
and extracellular matrix
proteins'
D.40 -
D.57
Research on animal flight
D.58 -
D.62
Project for research on
'Fluid dynamics in biology'
List of publications
COP RESPONDENCE
Cal - Gil97
LECTURES, ADDRESSES, PUBLICATIONS, 1948-76
CONFERENCES, VISITS, LECTURE TOURS, 1955-75
Index of correspondents
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE COLLECTION
Torkel Weis-Fogh was born in Aarhus, Denmark, in 1922, the son of a banker
In 1940 he became a student at Copenhagen University and his
and accountant.
earliest researches were in soil microbiology,
as research assistant to the distinguished Danish physiologist and Nobel prizewinner
However, in 1947 he started work
‘August Krogh, and the study of the desert locust Schistocerca Gregaria, begun in
Krogh's laboratory, was to occupy Weis-Fogh for much of his life.
After Krogh's death in 1949, Weis-Fogh continued as head of the laboratory
until 1953,amassing a wealth of data relating to the flight mechanics of the desert
locust (see Section B).
was followed by four years at Cambridge with a Rockefeller Fellowship followed
A year at the Copenhagen Institute of Neurophysiology
At the endofthis period Weis-Fogh wrote to Sir James
by a Balfour Studentship.
Gray: 'Hanne [Weis-Fogh's first wife J and I know very well how much we have
to thank you and Lady Gray for.
Cambridge just reshaped us and in such a pleasant
way that we did not protest in the process.
It was an immensely valuable time for
us and one we shall never forget and often remember'.
(See G.47.)
time was concentrated on analysing the new protein.
In 1966 he returned to
ously (see introduction to Section D).
Aninvestigation into the mode of
documented in this collection.
See especially Section C.
in insect cuticle.
The discovery was announced at the XVth International Congress
During his last year at Cambridge, in the course of his research into the work-
ings of insect flight muscle, Weis-Fogh isolated a new type of rubber-like protein
of Zoology, July 1958 (see B. 136), and the protein was later named 'resilin' (from
The years 1958-66 were spent in Copenhagen as Professor of Zoophysiology
(a chair specially created for Weis-Fogh), and most of his research during that
Both the work surrounding the discovery of
the Latin resilire - to spring back).
resilin and subsequent research into its physical and chemical properties are well
formation of insect cuticle, mainly carried out during 1967 - 69, led to a study
Cambridge as Professor of Zoology and Headof the Department of Zoology, and
this position enabled him to pursue several related research interests simultane~
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of the molecular basis of resilin and elastin, and the discovery of a new contractile
In connection with these studies
mechanism in the spasmonemesof protozoa.
Weis-Fogh was also instrumental in the setting up of the Biological Microprobe
Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cambridge, to develop techniques of electron~
probe X-ray microanalysis on frozen-hydrated soft biological material. These
projects are not so well documented as Weis-Fogh's
earlier work, since much of
the research was continued after his death.
Weis-Fogh never lost his early interest in the problems of insect flight and he
In 1973 he publishec
returned to them with renewed vigour during this period.
a paper containing a mathematical explanation for the flight of very small insects
which orthodox aerodynamic theory had been unable to account for.
ground material to this paper see D.48- D.53.
Sir James Lighthill 'the Weis-Fogh mechanism of lift generation’.
was to have collaborated with Lighthill in a major project to study biological
For material
fluid dynamics, but plans for this were interrupted by his death.
This discovery was named by
Weis-Fogh
For back-
relating to this see D.58 - D.62.
Sadly
The correspondence for 1972-75 documents
Unhappily, in 1971 Weis-Fogh's wife was killed in a car accident in which
Although he returnedto his laboratory after only
he himself was badly injured.
a few months and was committed to extensive research projects, it seems unlikely
that he ever recovered from the shock and bereavement, or indeed from the
physical damage which he sustained.
several relapses of health during this period (see especially F.45, F.61, F.65),
and the obituary of Weis-Fogh by E. Bredsdorff (see A.1) mentions bouts of
depression that at times 'could be so deep thet we feared forhis life'.
these fears turned out to be only too well-founded, and Weis-Fogh committed
suicide in Cambridge on 13 November 1975.
In 196] he was invited to give the Prather Lectures in Biology at Harvard
To the end of his life Weis-Fogh retained strong links with Denmark. He
remained a Danish citizen (see A.9) and maintained a cottage at Tibirke to which
he returned whenever he could.
wouldtrensfer at random from English to Danish and back again.
material in the collection is in Danish and this has normally been indicated in
He also maintained close links with colleagues in the United
He was bilingual and when thinking on paper
Much of the
the catalogue.
States.
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University, and his subsequent tour of universities and laboratories in the US pro-
vided many valuable contacts with whom he continued to maintain close ties
through correspondence and through meetings at conferences and symposia (see
Sections F and G).
Weis-Fogh's papers were received from the Department of Zoology, by courtesy
of Dr. D.A. Parry, Head of the Department, in instalments during 1978 after the
removal of departmental material or that related to continuing research projects.
This meant that Weis-Fogh's ordering, especially of the later correspondence, had
However,
been broken and there are some omissions (see especially Section D).
the collection still comprises a very full range of working papers, photographs and
Weis-Fogh kept some correspondence with
data and some unpublished material.
the papers to which it related, and this has been left in place; general scientific
correspondence is presented in alphabetical order in Section G and an index of
correspondents will be found on pp. 108-120.
Titles and descriptions in inverted commas are those which appear on the
documents.
Danish titles are usually translated or summarised for the benefit of
the English reader.
The help of Mr. George Mewis and Mr. Barry Fuller in identifying photographs
and documents, and of Dr. P.C.H.Wernberg-Mgller in advising on some of the
Danish material is gratefully acknowledged.
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SECTION A
BIOGRAPHICAL AND PERSONAL A.1-A.30
Very little personal material survives,
This can largely be
attributed to Weis-Fogh's personal circumstances towards the end of his life
and in particular after the death of his first wife in 1971.
Fortunately the
correspondence in Sections F and G contains many exchanges of a more personal
nature interleaved with scientific matters.
Of particular interest is the correspondence in A.9 conveying
Weis-Fogh's decision to retain Danish citizenship after the death of his first
wife, even though if could have been more advantageous to his career to become
a British citizen.
He retained a cottage in Denmark and returned there when-
ever possible for holidays or to write; many of the drafts and correspondence
in the collection are headed 'Tibirke', the location of his Danish home.
Material relating to Cambridge University 1966-75, when Weis-
Fogh was Professor of Zoology and Head of the Department of Zoology is also
included here (A.10 - A.22).
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Biographical and personal
Xerox copies of obituaries from The Times, Politiken
(by T. Norman) and Christ's CollegeMagazine (by
E. Bredsdorff).
3 pp. typescript by J.W.S. Pringle 'The research work
of Professor T. Weis-Fogh', and concluding remarks
delivered by D.A. Parry at the Society for Experimental
Biology Memorial Symposium to Weis-Fogh, 4 January
Wit.
Xerox copy of a memorial address (in Danish) by
C. Overgaard Nielsen, delivered to the Royal Danish
Academy, 7 May 1976.
Curricula vitae, mostly prepared for entries in bio~
graphical dictionaries.
miscellaneous bibliographies.
Folder also includes
See pp.101-107 and introductory note for the most
complete bibliography of Weis-Figh's scientific pub-
lications.
Apart
Miscellaneous collection of photographs, mostly taken
in August Krogh's laboratory where Weis-Fogh worked
1947-53.
and several of Weis-Fogh.
Includes a photograph of Krogh himself
See E.75 for a collection of reprints of papers by
Weis-Fogh and colleagues.
Notebook belonging to Hanne Weis-Fogh, containing
laboratory notes in her hand dated 1956.
from a few (mostly unsigned) carbons of letters (see,
e.g., F.12, G.4, G.8) this is the only item in the
Her
collection relating to Weis-Fogh's first wife.
death in a car accident in 1971 was a blow from which,
according to E. Bredsdorff (see A.1), Weis-Fogh never
really recovered.
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Bibliographical and personal
Membership of societies.
Correspondence re Weis-Fogh's election to the following
societies:
Institute of Biology
1968-69, 1971
Royal Entomological Society
1969-70
Royal Danish Academy (in Danish)
1970-71
(re transfer from Danish to foreign membership)
Society of General Physiologists
American Society of Naturalists
1974
1975
Correspondence re Weis-Fogh's election as a Foreign
Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences.
1974
Weis-Fogh's reply indicates that he was con-
Correspondence with Otto Lowenstein who wanted to
initiate Weis-Fogh's candidature for foreign member-
ship of the Royal Society. Ina letter of 17 March 1971
he wrote: 'l am convinced that were you a British
National you would already be one ofus in the Fellow-
ship, and so | feel that there is a very good chance that
your candidature will be successful in the not too distant
future',
sidering applying for British citizenship at that time,
but the correspondence wasinterrupted by the accident
in which his wife was killed and he himself badly
Asa result, he decided to retain Danish
injured.
nationality, while continuing to work in Cambridge
because, as he wrote to Lowenstein, 'I feel a great
need for continuity in my life which otherwise could
become too fenuous'.
The folder also contains an assessment by Weis~Fogh
of his scientific work up to 1971.
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Biographical and personal
Cambridge University, 1966-75
Folder labelled 'Fitting of TWF rooms, 1966'.
Contains correspondence (mainly with J.W.L. Beament)
and plans re alterations to the professorial rooms in the
Department of Zoology, Cambridge.
Xerox copies of newspaper reports on an explosion
in the Department of Zoology, 17 August 1970.
Folder includes a letter from Weis-Fogh re temporary
arrangements for a study while repairs were being
carried out on the damaged floor of the building.
Xerox copy of an article by Weis-Fogh about Danish
Universities, entitled 'The Wizard's Cauldron’,
written for the Cambridge Review, 9 May 1969.
This is not mentioned in the list of publications on
pp-101-107.
Cambridge Philosophical Society. Correspondence
1967-68 and 1974 (re William Bate Hardy Prize).
See also G.154,
Cryobiology Discussion Group.
and notices of meetings, 1970-72.
Brief correspondence
Scandinavian Studies Fund.
grant applications, etc. 1967-73.
Correspondence re
Heads of Department Dining Club. Correspondence
1967, 1973.
Not indexed.
re renewal of Weis-Fogh's work permit, 1968, 1969.
Brief correspondence, reports, etc. re two Cambridge
University Expeditions (to Malindi and Quintana Roo)
of which Weis-Fogh was a patron, 1974,
Society for the Application of Research,
served on the Board of Advisers.)
and notices of meetings, 1968-69.
Correspondence with the General Board of the
Faculties re leave of absence 1969-70, 1971, and
(Weis-Fogh
Correspondence
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Biographical and personal
-
oll
———s
Miscellaneous correspondence re university or college
matters and the Department of Zoology, 1967-75.
Not indexed.
Correspondence re proposal to award an Honorary
Degree to Mogens Fog, 1969.
tributes by Weis-Fogh and E. Bredsdorff.
Includes biographical
Correspondence with colleagues, and with Cambridge
University Registry re award of Honorary Degree to Hans
Includes biographical notes and
H. Ussing, 1969-70.
tributes to Ussing's work by Weis-Fogh and others, and
arrangements for Ussing's visit.
A.23-A.26
Miscellaneous correspondence of biographical and personal
interest (in alphabetical order), 1956-73.
A.23
D.J. Bradley
1958 (on Weis-Fogh's wind tunnel)
Sir Alan Cottrell
1973 (Weis-Fogh's carbon only)
C. Ellenby
1956 (on Weis-Fogh's election to a
O.R. Frisch
-. Nielsen
U. Smith
Balfour Scholarship)
of George de Hevesy)
early botanical teachers)
T.R.R. Mann
1967, 1974
Sir Alan Hodgkin
1963, 1964
Sir Harry Goodwin
1973 (Weis-Fogh's carbon only, on his
Lady May Mellanby
1955 (on the death of Sir Edward
1967 (Weis-Fogh's carbon only, on mss.
g
trip to Denmark with his 82-year
old mother)
1961 (on a visit to Cambridge by Weis-
1972 (on Weis-Fogh's second marriage)
g
1973 (Weis-Fogh's carbon only, on a
M.G.M, Pryor
1960
Lord Rothschild
Fogh and his wife)
Mellanby), 1961
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Biographicalandpersonal
Miscellaneous personal correspondence: social invitations,
brief personal exchanges, etc., 1955-75. Not indexed.
A- J
B= R
ae
Folder labelled 'Plans for Sabbatical 1975/6'.
Includes correspondence with D. Davenport, N.V.
Kokshaysky, K. Schmidt-Nielsen and T.Y.-T. Wu,
1974-75.
Several of the letters mention the highly
successful symposium organised by Weis-Fogh and Sir
James Lighthill in Cambridge, September 1975 (see
F.66 - F.70 and introduction to Section F) and reveal
him making detailed plans for research and travel less
than two months before his death.
See also G.69, G.139.
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SECTION 86
EARLY WORK ANDRESEARCH ON LOCUST FLIGHT 1941-58
8,1 ='8.143
ss
-
| he material is presented as follows:
ee ee ey
Early research and work in August Krogh's
laboratory, 1941-53
B50) *
abs 00
Work on locust flight muscle, 1953-56
B.67 -
B.143
Material relating to the 'Biology and Physics
of Locust Flight', 1948-58
Each sub-section is preceded by an introductory note.
This Section covers Weis~Fogh's research up to the discovery in 1958 of
a hitherto unknown protein in insect cuticle, which was later named resilin (see
B.136 and Section C).
Much of the research done during this period remained an important basis
lished results in later papers (see C.26, D.40 - D.42).
The majority of the material
is in Danish and this is usually noted as part of the description of each item.
Titles and descriptions in inverted commas are those which appear on Weis~Fogh's
folders or notes, but the words 'in Danish' indicate that the original title has
for further experimental work, and Weis-Fogh used some of these hitherto unpub-
been translated.
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B.1-B.49
EARLY RESEARCH AND WORK IN AUGUST KROGH'S
LABORATORY1941-53
Weis-Fogh's earliest scientific work, on soil micro-biology, was carried out
at the Molslaboratoriet, Aarhus, while he was studying for his Mag. Scient. at
Copenhagen University.
Medal of Copenhagen University, anda paper ‘Ecological
mites and collemboles in the soil' (1948) which laid new foundations for detailed
The work resulted in the award in 1944 of the Gold
investigations on
research in this subject.
Virtually no papers survive for this period (though see B.1).
In 1947 Weis-Fogh became research assistant to the distinguished Danish physio-
logist August Krogh in his private laboratory at Gentofte, and on Krogh's death in
1949, Weis-Fogh became head of the laboratory until its closure in 1953.
main subject for study in the laboratory wasthe desert locust Schistocerca Gregaria,
The
with which most of the papers in this Section are concerned.
interest was in physiology and metabolism, Weis-Fogh undertooka study of the
mechanics and energetics of locust flight using a specially constructed roundabout
While Krogh's main
to which specimens were attached (see B.6, B.13, B.49), and a wind tunnel of
'I believe | was the first to study animal flight in the wind
the results obtained.
been kept as a sequence (see, e.g., B.30 - B.43).
An extensive amount of material has survived from this important period in
which he wrote in 1971:
tunnel under conditions sufficiently close to those of free flight to be practicalle
(sic) and biologically meaningful’ (see A.9, letter to O. Lowenstein).
Weis-Fogh's life which provided the foundations of his later research. Some of it
was reworked and transferred to other Sections (see C.27, D.40, D.41) but enough
remains to give an idea of the quantity and variety of data collected. The material
is presented chronologically except where a group of items on the same subject has
See also A.5 for photographs of Weis~Foghin the laboratory.
Item B. 49 relates to a film ‘How locusts fly' made by Weis~Fogh and Martin
Jensen in 1952 which illustrated some of the apparatus used in the laboratory and
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B.1
Early work and research on locust flight
Small light brown notebook containing notes in Danish on
experiments with flying locusts 4 September 1949-15 May 1950.
These occupyonly the first few pages of the book, while the
rest is empty except for one page of notes dated 16 July 1942.
Inside the front cover is a list of headings relating to Weis-Fogh's
earliest work on soil biology and there is evidence that some
pages have been torn out.
The original title of the notebookis
illegible, but Weis-Fogh subsequently labelled it 'Measurement
of thoracic pressure.
Primary! (in Danish).
See also B.7.
Also included here is correspondence re Weis~Fogh's 1948 paper
'Ecological investigations on mites and collemboles in the soil’,
mainly requests for reprints but with some scientific content (not
indexed), 1948-49, 1955-64, 1972.
See also G.7, G.16, G.50.
Envelope labelled ‘Cuttlefish drawings' (in Danish) with a note
by Weis-Fogh'1946?'. It contains several biological drawings,
presumably done while he was working for his Mag. Scient. at
Copenhagen, 1941-47.
There is also a much smaller envelope containing rough pencil
drawings with ink notes on tiny pieces of card. These are
undated.
Three reports prepared for the Anti- Locust Research Centre on work
in August Krogh's laboratory.
They are:
A.L.R.C.S.C. 13/48.
laboratory of Professor Krogh, Copenhagen’.
2 pp. typescript by R.C. Rainey, 18 May 1948.
‘Report on a visit to the
A.L.R.C.S.C. 7/48.
2 pp. typescript by Krogh and Weis-Fogh, 9 January
1948.
‘Research on locust flight’.
powers of observation and planning of experiments’.
Folder also includes a copy of a letter, dated 29 October 1947,
from August Krogh to the Director of the Anti-Locust Research
Centre in which he writes: 'Mr. Weiss Fogh began work on the
16th after obtaining his degree as M.Sc. on the 10th.
Weiss extremely good, with muchinitiative and very conspicuous
A.L.R.C.S.C. 14/48.
'Report on locust research carried
out in Professor Krogh's laboratory, Copenhagen, January
to June 1948'.
3 pp. typescript by Krogh and Weis-Fogh, 9 June 1948.
| find
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Early work and research on locust flight
Notes and drawings mostly dated 1948, and some photographs
of experimental apparatus.
The work covered in this folder
resulted in the publication of a paper entitled 'An aerodynamic
sense organ stimulating and regulating flight in locusts'
(Nature, 1949).
Folder containing anatomical drawings of locusts by Weis-Fogh.
These were reproduced and the copies were used exiensively
by Weis-Fogh in experimental work, lecturing and published
papers.
Photographs of experimental apparatus, flying locusts, etc.
Includes several photographs of the laboratory's wind-tunnel
and of the specially constructed roundabout on which suspended
locusts could be induced to fly for several hours.
B.13, B.49.
See also
Two envelopes containing records of changes in intrathoracic
pressure of a tethered 'flying' desert locust, 1949-50.
See
also B.1, D.40.
3 envelopes containing photographsof locusts, dated 24-26
January 1950.
2 envelopes labelled 'Schistocerca gregaria. Ventilation!
containing photographs, tables, graphs, calculations, etc.,
mostly dated 1950.
Set of cards containing notes re conditions for photography of
Attached to some of
flying locusts and dragonflies, 1950-52.
these are locust wings marked with white paint as described in
the draft commentary to the film 'How locusts fly! which Weis-
Fogh made in collaboration with the engineer Martin Jensen.
(See B. 49).
of the first paragraph.
Correspondence with K. Sawyer and N.W. Wootten re method
of suspending flying locusts in the laboratory.
Folder includes:
Letter from Sawyer and Wootten dated 22 March 1950, enclosing
several drawings.
Copyof a report on their research at the Chemical Defence
Establishment, Porton, dated 14 December 1949.
Weis-Fogh's notes for his reply to the letter, andhis draft
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Early work and research on locust flight
Correspondence with Leigh E. Chadwick.
correspondence re locust flight, 1950-52.
Folder also contains notes on articles by Chadwick and others
on insect flight.
Detailed scientific
See also G.27 for further correspondence with Chadwick.
Envelope containing data re experiments with locusts flying
on a specially constructedroundabout, November 1951-
October 1952.
See also B.6, B.49.
Set of notes in Danish on wing inertia.
February-March 1951 and paginated from 1-18.
They are dated
Further notes on wing inertia.
Those at the front of the
folder continue the pagination of B.14, but there are also
additional diagrams, tables and calculations, mostly dated
1952.
‘Odonata.
Small direct wing muscle!
"Odonata.
Pterothorax [viewed ] from in front with
varying wing positions'
Set of notes in Danish containing aerodynamic calculations
based on data derived from photography, 22 July 1952.
‘Odonata.
Small flight muscle under contraction!
The negatives of these photographs, which are filed at B.47, are
dated September 1951.
3 envelopes containing photographs of dragonflies (Odonata).
The envelopes are labelled (in Danish) as follows:
(3 pp.) are dated 1957,
Notes on dragonflies 1951, 1952, labelled (in Danish) ‘Aeshna,
Flight, heat production and ventilation'. The notes have been
sorted into sections at a later date anda summary added by
Weis=Fogh,.
.Notes onflight, ventilation and heat production of Vesspa Crabro
and Sphinx(in Danish).
Most of the notes on Vespa|Crabro are
dated 1952 with 2 pp. of later additions.
The notes on Sphinx
Envelope containing photographsillustrating the anatomy of
the dragonflies Sympetrium and Aeshna.
negatives in B.47 dated September 1951.
folder are some earlier notes and drawings, 1948, 1950.
These correspond to
Also included in this
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Earlyworkandresearch on locustflight
Folder containing notes, diagrams and some printed matter in
Danish and English comprising a survey of the literature
relating to glycogen.
Laboratory records of experiments re the hydration of glycogenes,
1952.
Miscellaneous notes, graphs, etc. reglycogen, some dated 1952.
Ms. and typescript drafts on the subject of fuel storage and
weight economy.
topics in 1952 (see bibliography included in A.4).
Weis-Fogh published 2 papers on these
Ms. headed 'Work in progress' dated October 1952.
various lines of research currently being pursued in the laboratory,
with a brief indication of their state of completion.
Lists the
Folder labelled 'Lift regulation’ (in Danish) containing notes and
diagrams, some dated 1952, and a draft headed 'The regulation
of the lift’ in a mixture of English and Danish.
Set of cards containing data from experiments with flying
locusts.
The cards are numbered 1-11 and dated 13-16
January 1953.
Folder labelled 'Resistance' containing notes and graphs re locust
flight experiments, many dated 1953.
Folder containing notes, graphs and experimental data (in
Danish), 1948, 1949, re the effect of temperature changes on
the flight performance of locusts.
Folder labelled 'Vingeorgan'.
Contains laboratory data re
experiments to determine conditions for locust flight, dated
August 1953, and brief drafts in a mixture of English and
Danish headed ‘Induction of rhythmical wing movements! and
'Wind and lift as inductive flight stimuli’.
contains a graph dated 1954.
Folder containing notes, graphs and experimental data (in
Danish), some dated February 1950, re the effect of temperature
on locust flight.
Laboratory records (in Danish) of experiments on thorax temperature
and metabolic rate, October-December 1952.
Folder also
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Early work and research on locust flight
Notes, graphs and drawings (in Danish) for experimental work
on thorax temperature, 1952.
Includes information re equip-
ment, etc.
1-15b headed (in Danish) 'Thorax temperature.
Muus and TWF'.
Fogh on this subject, 1956.
See F.6-F.8 for paper by Muus and Weis-
Also included here is a set of notes paginated
14.8.52.
Notes and graphs re calibration of experimental equipment,
December 1951-January 1953 (in Danish).
Notes, tables and graphs on thorax temperature and radiation,
paginated 1-60, and dated 16 December 1952- 7 January 1953
(in Danish).
Notes, graphs, drawings and tables on thorax temperature,
paginated la-25, and dated 7-12 January 1953 (in Danish).
Undated draft in a mixture of Danish and English headed 'What
can we say about radiation? '
Notes and graphs re experiments with flying locusts, 1949-50,
originally includedwith B.37 above (in Danish).
Folder headed
records of experiments (in Danish).
‘July 1953.
Abdominal ventilation’ containing
Laboratory notes on thorax ventilation, pages 55-118, dated
10-24 June 1953 (in Danish).
Laboratory notes on thorax ventilation, pages 5-54a, dated
11 April-9 June 1953 (in Danish),
Notebooklabelled 'Thorax temperature versus heat production
(in Danish) containing tables and calculations dated June 1953.
There are also a number of graphs on loose sheets at the front
of the book.
articles on insect flight, some dated 1953,
Miscellaneous ms. drafts in English and Danish for a paper or
papers on the metabolic rate and ventilatory mechanism of
flying locusts.
The folder also includes a typescript headed
'The ventilatory mechanism during flight of insects in relation
to the call for oxygen', a paper delivered at the XIV Inter-
national Zoological Congress, Copenhagen, 1953, andlater
published (see List of Publications, pp.100-107 and E.75).
Notebook containing notes and drafts in Danish for various
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and research onlocust flight
Album of negatives most of which are records of laboratory
work with locusts, 1948-49.
Several of the negatives are
annotated in Danish with details of the photographic equip-
ment used, etc.; and some are dated.
labelled 'Album no.1. Negativ No.1-276'.
The front cover is
‘Album no.2.
records of laboratory work.
appears on negative no.461.
Negativ No.277-522', containing further
The date 20 September 1950
‘Album no.3.
taken in the laboratory c.1950-52.
No.523-723'.
Negatives of photographs
See also B.17, B.18.
‘Album no.4. No.724-
taken in 1953 and 1957.
',
Negatives of photographs
Folder containing material re a film entitled 'How locusts fly'
made by Weis-Fogh and Martin Jensen in 1952. The film was
distributed by Dansk Kulturfilm and wonfirst prize for scientific
documentary films at a congress in Pisa a year or two later.
lt lasted for 25 minutes and showed locusts flying on Weis-Fogh's
specially constructed roundabout (see B.6, B.13) and suspended
on an aerodynamic balancein front of a wind tunnel.
included a section in slow motion so that the sequence of wing
positions could be observed.
It
The contents of the folder are as follows:
Herr Erik Olsen’, con-
Typescript with ms.
Typescript set of Danish captions.
Notes in Danish re apparatus and conditions for photography, 1952.
Set of English captions for the film.
corrections.
Envelope labelled ‘Dansk Kulturfilm.
taining 2 sets of photographs of flying locusts.
For further material re Martin Jensen, see Index of Correspondents.
Correspondence with Dansk Kulturfilm (in Danish) 1953-56, and
with people wishing to show the film, 1956-71. Not indexed.
Includes a letter from Weis-Figh to A. Berbenni, 7 August 1961,
which contains a clear statement of the purpose and results of the
film.
See also G.27, G.108.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
B.50-B.66
WORK ON LOCUST FLIGHT MUSCLE 1953-56
In 1953 August Krogh's laboratory was closed down and Weis-Fogh wentto
work at the Institute of Neurophysiology at Copenhagen where he collaborated
At the end of 1954
with Fritz Buchthal in experiments on locust flight muscle.
he moved to Cambridge where he continued the experiments, and the work
resulted in the publication of 3 joint papers in 1956 and 1957.
Laboratory notes and data from both Cambridge and Copenhagen have
survived andthere are also several drafts of one of the published papers (B. 64-
The arrangement of the material is chronological, in so far as this is
B.66).
possible.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
B.50-B.55
Early work and research on locust flight
The following items were originally kept together in a bulky
folder labelled (in Danish) ‘Muscle experiments, Cambridge’.
For ease of reference some material has been removed and put into
The original folder remains at B.55 with some
separate folders.
The papers are ina mixture
of its more miscellaneous contents.
of English and Danish, the latter being predominant.
Not all the experimental work covered here was done in
Cambridge; some of the folders contain papers dating from
1954 when Weis-Fogh was still working with Fritz Buchthal
in Copenhagen.
Description
Notes on apparatus and method, 20 March 1954.
and drawings of a vacuum myographspecially constructed for
Some of the drawings are
this set of experiments on muscle.
in another hand.
See also G.29.
Set of notes labelled ‘Tetanus.
containing records of experiments April-October 1955.
Shortening and force at 10-12° C',
Set of notes dated 7 July 1954, paginated 1-8 providing a
general introduction to the experiments.
lists of symbols for mathe-
illustrating the principles involved,
matical calculations, examples of layout for tables containing
results, etc.
Contains sketches
Set of notes describing experiments to determine the optimum
conditions for the survival of locust flight muscle once it had
been dissected out, 1953-54. The majority of the notes relate
to the composition of the saline in which the muscle was kept.
1955.
The original folder with its remaining contents, which include
notes, graphs, drawings, tables, 1954-55, and 2 letters
from Fritz Buchthal (see introduction to Section, p. 20).
one of which is dated 26 January
‘Maximum force and shortening during tetanus
of locust flight muscle! (English and Danish)
'Tetanic force and shortening in locust flight
muscle'
2 undated ms.
drafts:
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and research on locust flight
B.56-B.66
The following items were kept with the above folder and are
obviously related to it.
experiments with locust flight muscle.
follow 'G' stands for 'grasshopper' which is Danish for locust.
The majority of the material is in Danish.
They all contain further data re
In the titles that
Folder labelled 'G.57 to G.71.
at 10°C! (in Danish).
data and some graphs, all undated.
Average of all experiments
Contains tables of experimental
Folder labelled 'G.59-71.
at 10°C! (in Danish).
Average of all experiments
Contents similar to previous folder.
Folder labelled 'Average curves at 10°C. G.63-G.71'.
Folder labelled 'Average.
Danish).
Laboratory notes and tables.
Temperature experiment! (in
Folder labelled 'Average of G.70 & 71 at different temperatures’.
Contains graphs and tables.
Folder containing graphs illustrating average shortening of
muscle at 10°C.
Folder containing graphs and tables re the abdominal muscles.
Much of the material is in another hand.
Folder containing typescript notes and tables dated 14 September
1954, summarising the results of some of the muscle experiments,
with comments added in red, 2 August 1960.
Ms. and typescript draft headed 'Twitch contraction of isolated
The draft is in
flight muscle of locusts', dated 13 July 1956.
a mixture of English and Danish and was very extensively revised
before publication.
the incomplete drafts is dated 21 November 1956.
Further ms. draft of the same paper, dated July 1956, in
Both
English, and muchcloser to the published version.
this and the ms. portions of B.64 above are entirely in Weis~
Fogh's hand although the authorship of the paper is
ascribed to him jointly with F. Buchthal and P. Rosenfalck.
2 incomplete typescript drafts of the same paper with ms.
Oneof
corrections and 1 copy of the finished typescript.
5 a seh
i
eave
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Earlyworkandresearchonlocustflight
B.67-B.143
MATERIAL RELATING TO THE 'BIOLOGY AND PHYSICS OF
LOCUST FLIGHT'
The material is divided into 2 sections.
B.67 - B.77 covers Parts | - V
all of which were published in R. Soc. Lond. Phil. Trans. B, and B.78 - B.143
covers Parts VI - IX of which only Part VIII was published (in J. exp.Biol.),
although Weis-Fogh later produced several papers based on material collected
for Parts VI and VII (see, e.g., C.26, D.40-D.42).
See aiso G.60, G.76.
Parts | V
The original concept, formed in about 1952, was for a series
of 10 papers to be written by Weis-Fogh in collaboration with
Martin Jensen, covering all aspects of the biology and physics
of locust flight.
Parts | - IV were published in 1956, but the
discovery of resilin by Weis-Fogh in 1958 (see B. 136 and
Section C) followed by his return to Copenhagen as Professor
of Zoology disrupted work on Part V with the result that it was
finally published only in 1962, after major revision (see B.74 -
S577).
2 pp. ms. notes headed 'Whypositive criticism is badly needed’,
explaining the difficulties of getting the results of experimental
work done in Krogh's laboratory into a form suitable for publica-
tion.
The ms. ends by itemising the material in preparation on
'The flight of locusts' as 2 paners on flight muscles, 3 on physio~
logy and 10 on biology and piiysics 'which are in the process of
preparation and are approaching theirfinal stage'.
The notes
are undated but probably belong c. 1953-54.
journals re the form in which papers are to be submitted.
Ms, draft of titles for the 10 papers with an indication of the number
of pages, figures and tables for each paper.
differs considerably from that published with Papers | - IV in 1956.
The date is probably 1953-54.
The arrangement
Also filed with the above is an undateddraft of a letter to the
editor of the Proceedingsof theRoy! Danish Academy about the
possibility of publlishing the paper: , andiinstructions from various
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and research on locust flight
Correspondence with Weis-Fogh's collaborator, Martin Jensen,
and with the Royal Society about the publication of the papers.
Ms. draft of references and acknowledgements for Parts | - VIII.
Folder also includes brief notes for the typist, and cards (one
dated 21 March 1955) listing the number of words, legends to
figures and tables for each part.
‘Basic principles in insect flight.
Typescript draft of Part | with ms. corrections by Weis-Fogh.
This draft corresponds in broad outline to the published version
but there are several detailed differences.
A critical review'.
Folder also includes typescript draft of a preface to the series
anda ms. introduction to Part |.
Ms. and typescript
The typescript, which is in Danish, has
'The aerodynamics of locust flight'.
draft of Part Ill.
corrections by Martin Jensen (the author of the published
paper) and there is also a draft of the introduction in his hand.
The first item in the folder is a heavily-corrected summary
of chapter and section headings for the paper by Weis-Fogh,
in a mixture of Danish and English.
"Strength and elasticity of locust cuticle’.
of Part V by Martin Jensen.
notes by Weis-Fogh for Part V.
Early typescript
The folder also contains some
For correspondence re this paper see under M. Jensen in
Section G.
Several drafts of the final section of the paper that was pub-
lished as Part IV, although it was originally to have been
Part III (see B.68).
There are 2 uncorrected typescripts, a
third typescript with extensive ms. corrections, and several
ms. versions, mostly unfinisiied and some in Danish and/or
note form.
andphotographs on which some of the drawings were based.
Ms. of the second version of Part V written by Weis-Fogh
in September-October 1958, after he had discovered resilin
(see B. 135) but before it had been named (see C.5).
Some
related notes and drawings are included at the back of the
folder.
Part of the typescript of Part V as sent to the Royal Society
in February 1959 with the figures that were omitted from the
Folder also includes the final typescript
published version.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work andresearchonlocustflight
Correspondence with J.W.S. Pringle and the Royal Society,
1956, 1959-62 re preparation of Part V for publication.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and research on locustflight
B.78-B.143
Parts VI - IX
The bulk of the material in this Section relates to Part VI.
Items B.78 - B.98 consist of drafts and notes for this part written
c.1952-58, and these are followed by a large amount of background
material (laboratory notes, etc.) which was originally filed with the
drafts.
A few of these items overlap with material in the first part
of Section B (see especially B.99 - B.102), but most relate to ex-
periments performed while Weis-Fogh was in Cambridge 1955-58.
The work for Part VI on elasticity (see B. 103 - B.132) is closely
related to the experiments on locust flight muscle described in
B.50 et seq.
There is also quite a lot of background material for Part VII,
but very little for Part VIII (which was finally published in 1964)
or Part IX.
Part X was to have been a final summary, but there
Part VI - drafts
- background material
The disposition of the Parts is as follows:
are no traces in the collection of any draft for such a paper.
Parts VI, VII, IX
Part VII
Part VIII
Part IX
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Earlyworkand research on locustflight
B.78-B.98
PartVI drafts
B.78
Early ms. notes and drafts for Part VI variously headed as
follows:
"Knowledge on the basic flight process of insects'
‘Principles of the flight system of the desert locust'
'The morphological, mechanical, and elastic
principles of the flight system of the Desert Locust’
Ist
74pp. ms., written when Weis-Fogh was at the
‘Principles of the flight system of the desert locust.
draft'.
Institute of Neurophysiology, Copenhagen (1953-54).
Included in the folder is a letter dated 27 January 1954 from
Weis-Fogh to T.H.C. Tayler of the Anti-Locust Research
Centre in which he promises to send the first draft 'in a few
days' for Taylor to read.
Chapters 5 and 6 of this draft were later transferred to
Part VII.
Typescript of the above with corrections and alterations
by Weis-Fogh.
Folder labelled 'Figures for Principles of the flight system'
(in Danish). Contents include rough and finished drawings,
graphs and photographs numbered to correspond with the
list of figures for each section in B.79 and B.80 above.
Notes for a revised version of Part VI dated March 1956.
This is almost certainly the draft referred to by
'Old Ms. Cambridge’.
Draft of second version of Part VI,
entitled 'Wing movements and elastic deformations in flying
locusts'.
Weis-Fogh in a note to J.W.S. Pringle dated 20 April 1956
(see B.85).
iy 00.
Typescript of the above with corrections and comments by
Weis-Fogh in Danish and English, some dated 7 September
T. Weis~Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and research onlocust flight
Primary for
Folder labelled 'Elastik: for Discussion.
discussion of model and comparisons with Hawk-moth
and dragonfly and fly'.
Contents include graphs, tables
and calculations, and several ms. drafts of the Discussion
which is missing from the version of Part VI at B.83 and
B.84.
1956, anda note in Weis-Fogh's hand: 'Dear John [Pringle],
Here is a draft of part VI, plus the following disposition of
the discussion ...
The first item in the folder bears the date 20 April
Yours ever, Torkel’.
The model referred to in the title was exhibited at Royal
Society Conversaziones in May and June 1956.
See F.4, F.5.
Set of notes headed 'Part VI. Wing movements and elastic
deformations in flying locusts.
(With a general discussion.)
(Cambridge 18.11.57.)', ouilining a third draft of Part VI.
This outline does not correspond with the full ms. drafts
which follow.
Various ms. drafts of an introduction to Part VI. Three of
these are dated 28 November 1957 (with a note 'not used but
some details to be extracted'), 30 November 1957 and 6
December 1957 (headed ‘Alternative Solution’).
3 ms. drafts of Chapter 2 of Part VI, dated 8, 23, 24 December
ors
Ms. draft of Chapter 4 'Wing inertia and work' and notes for
tables related to this chapter.
Ms. draft of Chapter 3 'Movements and morphology: the basis
of analysis' written between 28 December 1957 and 18 January
1958 (although the final date is given as 18 January 1957
this is clearly a slip of the pen). Contents of folder include
a few other notes that were filed with this draft.
includes a set of notes onlateral stiffness, dated 31 May 1957.
Ms. draft of Chapter 5 'Quantitative approach and methods'
dated 2 February 1958.
notes, one of which is mostly in Danish.
Several ms. drafts of Chapter 7 written between 21 February
‘Thetitle varies but the subjectis
and 18 March 1958.
elasticity, mainly of the pterothorax. Oneof the drafts
Folder also includes 3 sets of related
Ms. draft of Chapter 6 'Reactive components and elastic
efficiency'.
Notes for a table are also included.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and research on locust flight
Brief ms. outline of Chapter 8, dated 18 March 1958.
Typescript of Chapters 1-6 of Part VI.
of each chapter are filed above (B.87-B.92) but the whole
typescript is included here as the final and most accessible
version of this unfinished and unpublished paper.
Ms. versions
Miscellaneous notes re Part VI.
Folder containing notes, graphs, tables, calculations,
drawings, etc. for the figures for the 1957-58 version of
Part VI, with a few brief notes dated 1961, 1962.
Envelopes containing photographs and diagrams of layout
for plates for Part VI.
They are labelled as follows:
'Plate 1.
Simple demonstrations'
‘Plate 2.
Movements and morphology'
‘Plate 3.
Types of elastic torques (mainly)'
Each envelope was also briefly annotated in pencil in
August 1961.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and research on locust flight
B.99-B.123
Part VI - background material
B.99
Folder containing notes, graphs and calculations re
early experiments on elasticity, some dated May 1948.
Folder labelled 'The elastic behaviour of the pterothorax
of locusts (Schistocerca gregaria Forskal)..
Oktober-November 1953.
of experiments, graphs and notes on the results.
Contains records
pp.1-31'.
Elastik:
Set of notes paginated 32-79 covering the period November
1953-March 1954, and continuing the record of experiments
begun in the previous folder.
bered from 5 to 11.
22 February 1954 were found with this material and are
included in the folder.
The experiments are num-
2 pp. of ms. notes in Danish dated
Contents of folder originally labelled 'Elastik - primary
1953-55 torque of thorax (no direct use)'.
Results of
experiments undertaken in May 1955, and some calculations.
Folder labelled 'Elastik:
general concepts 1957'.
Contains:
Notes on the literature.
Notes for the Introduction to Part VI dated 16
November 1957
3 pp. ms. notes in Danish dated May 1957 headed
‘Altering and verifying of VI'
10 pp. ms. notes in Danish and English dated
13 September 1957 re principal ideas emerging from
the work for Part VI
later (1958),
Folder labelled 'background for experiments 1957' contain-
ing material similar to that in B.103 above, mainly in
Danish.
In particular there is a set of notes dated May
1957 and headed 'What have we discovered?! (in Danish).
Set of papers labelled (in Danish) 'Standard stroke.
wings'.
1957, though some are earlier (1953) and a few are
Graphs and tables, mainly dated April-May
(in Danish).
of its delapidated condition.
The original folder has been discarded because
B.105-B.107
Contents of a folder labelled 'Elastik:
standard stroke’
Hind-
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and research on locust flight
Set of papers labelled (in Danish) 'Standard stroke.
Forewings'.
Contents similar to those of B.105 above.
Set of papers labelled 'Kinematics'.
calculations, some dated 22 October 1954.
Mainly notes and
Folder labelled 'Elastik:
ness’.
4 June 1952, a drawing, and data from experiments,
May-June 1957.
Contains 3 pp. of notes in Danish dated
primary 1957 lateral stiff-
B.109-B.111
Contents of a folder labelled 'Elastik:
primary.
The original folder remains at
1957'.
Damping.
B.109, but it has been split into 3 parts because of
its bulk.
in locust flight muscle, paginated 1-327.
appear to be missing.
It contains records of experiments on damping
Pp.58-60
Pp.1-57, experiments 1-3, June 1957.
There are also
a few unpaginated notes and calculations in English and
Danish at the front of the folder.
June-July 1957.
Pp.6la-193, experiments 4 and 5,
Pp.194a-327, experiments 6 and 7, July 1957.
Folder labelled 'Elastik:
temperature', containing notes, graphs and data from
experiments performed in July 1957. {In Danish.
primary 1957, effect of
Folder containing notes, tables and graphs summarising
some of the results of experiments on damping, 1957.
In Danish and English.
experiments, September~-October 1957.
Folder labelled 'Elastik:
calculations’.
notes in English and Danish, paginated 1-35.
page is dated 4 September 1957.
folder is a group of unpaginated graphs andtables.
Muscular torque:
Contains diagrams, calculations and
Folder labelled 'Elastik:
elasticity, experimental'.
The first
At the back of the
primary.
primary, finals, passive muscle
Contains graphs and data from
T .. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and research on locust flight
various insects'.
Folder labelled 'Elastik:
records, in English and Danish, of experiments on
Aeshna, Sphinx and Schistocerca, with graphs, calcu-
lations and notes on the results.
were carried out in October 1957, but there is one page
of notes on Aeshna_grandis dated 21 March 1971.
Most of the experiments
Contains
Folder labelled 'Elastik:
thoracic box'.
October-November 1957.
primary, finals.
Coupled
Contains graphs and data from experiments,
Folder labelled ‘mainly on wing inertia.
interest’ containing a set of notes and calculations
dated 22 January 1958, and another set, possibly earlier.
May be of
primary.
Folder labelled 'Elastik:
imitation and lateral stiffness, experiment.
Contains notes and data from experiments and a rough
sketch of experimental apparatus headed 'Muscle-action~
torque’, all dated March 1958.
Muscle-torque -
March 1958".
the rest
Cards containing miscellaneous data, found with material
relating to Part VI.
The first
Album of negatives labelled 'Cambridge I'.
part of the album contains observations of locust flight
is a record of a
muscle under a microscope;
series of experiments with flying locusts and weights.
One of these negatives is dated 4 July 1957.
The first
Album of negatives labelled ‘Cambridge II'.
part continues directly on from the previous book, after
which there is a series of pictures of the elastic tendon
in the dragonfly Aeshna Cyanea as seen under the
polarizing microscope, dated25June 1958.
mately one third of the album is: empty.)
locust flight muscle.
3 envelopes containing phorographs of experiments on
(Approxi-
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Earlyworkandresearchonlocustflight
B.124-B. 137
Part VII
B.124
Various parts of the first typescript of Part VI which were
extracted and re-ordered to form a basis for Part VII.
They carry ms. corrections by Weis-Fogh and comments
They are accompanied by a letter
in another hand.
to J.W.S. Pringle dated 19 April 1956 asking him to
look at this early draft.
Notes and diagrams for Part VII in the form of a letter,
dated 7 September 1956, and probably intended for sub-
Also further notes outlining a scheme
mission to Pringle.
for Part VII dated April 1957.
Letter from Anker Nielsen in Danish dated 23 May 1956
re the morphology of the wing systems of various insects.
Various anatomical drawings of locusts, particularly of
the wing hinge.
2 sets of photomicrographs illustrating locust anatomy.
The first set corresponds to negatives in B.47 which are
dated 24 May 1952.
The folder also includes various data re con-
1957.
ditions, etc. for the photography, some of which are
dated March 1957.
The second set probably dates from
2 envelopes containing data re wing area in male and
female locusts.
Undated, but probably c.1950.
1 page draft in Danish with references and notes headed
'The functional architecture of the pterothorax of Schistocerca
gregaria in relation to flight'. The bibliography is dated
17952.
data from experiments, January-March 1957.
in English and Danish, dated
2 sets of notes on wings,
Included here is brief correspondence
December 1956.
from John Smart, 1956-57, and related reprints, one of
which is heavily annotated by Weis-Fogh.
Notes in Danish and English headed 'Re-investigation
of wing-mechanism', dated 27 June 1956.
Folder labelled 'Primary on wing and notal movement:
Contains various
may be of
Copenhagen’.
interest.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Early work and researc
h_on locust flight
Folder labelled 'Notal movements and wing folding spring:
primary'.
Contains notes and calculations, 1957-58.
Folder labelled 'Locust thoracic mechanism in relation to
the evolution of winged insects.
February 1957'.
draft dated 27 February 1957.
Preliminary summary,
Contains miscellaneous notes and a
Folder labelled 'On evolution of winged insects’.
Contains notes and drawings, and drafts for a paper
delivered at the Fifteenth International Congress of
This was probably the first
Zoology, July 1958.
announcement of the discovery of resilin which was not
given the name until
'a new rubberlike component of insect cuticle’ and
'a protein, probably of a new type’.
is referred to here as
later.
It
See also F.11.
For further material on resilin see Section C.
Miscellaneous notes relating to Part VII.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Earlyworkandresearchon locustflight
B.138-B. 142
Parts VINI_andIX
B.138
'Lift and metabolic
Background notes to Part VIIi,
rate of flying locusts', published in J. exp.Biol,
Most of the notes in this folder were written
1964.
in 1963 but there are also laboratory notes and graphs
dated 1952,
1953.
Notes on evaporation of water during flight.
notes are in Danish, paginated 1-23, undated but
They are annotated in red ‘For
possibly c.1952.
part VIII and ventilation papers’.
The
'Studies on the energetics of locust flight’.
corrected typescript of a lecture given in Bristol,
April 1954 (see E.34).
'IX' along with B.141 below.
This was in a folder marked
Heavily-
Miscellaneous material relating to Part IX.
includes an undated ms. draft in Danish on the
energetics of flight, various notes, drawings and graphs,
and 1] pp. of aerodynamic calculations in another hand.
Folder
Folder also includes brief correspondence about
Original typescript of a paper
'The flight of locusts’.
by Weis-Fogh published in ScientificAmerican (1956).
The typescript differs considerably from the published
version which was heavily edited (see letter from Weis-
is included here
Fogh to J.W.S. Pringle, B.124).
because it was originally filed with papers for Part IX
above.
the article, 1954-56.
for these 3 parts.
2 sets of notes dated 8 and 12 August 1970 headed
Lists 6 or 7 possible
‘Revision of Parts VI, VII,
papers to be derived from material already assembled
It
IX'.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
SECTION C
RESEARCH IN COPENHAGEN1957-66 C.1 - C.103
The material is presented as follows:
Coo =e, oe
Early work on resilin, 1957-64
C2) =
30a
Other research (mainly on insect
physiology), 1958-65
G.dbjek”
C.103
Research on the properties of resilin
and elastomers in insects, 1964-66.
(Includes correspondence to 1969.)
Section C roughly corresponds with the period during which Weis-Fogh
was Professor of Zoophysiology at Copenhayen 1958-66, although there is some
material that overlaps with Section B (see, e.g., C.1 - C.6, C.20).
Weis-Fogh's work on muscle and elasticity in Cambridge for Parts
V - VII of the 'Biology and Physics of Locust Flight' led to the discovery
in 1958 of a new rubberlike protein in insect cuticle which was later named
Weis-Fogh also worked on several aspects of insect physiology including the
tracheal system and muscle action potential in locusts (see C.12 - C.30).
A grant from the United States Air Force European Office of Aerospace
(see especially C.5 for material on nomenclature) and, more indirectly,
in the
latter part of Section B.
Research during the years at Copenhagen was mainly
Research in 1965 helped to support further investigations of resilin through different
resilin.
Background material to this discovery may be found at C.1 - C.6
devoted to an investigation of the physical and chemical properties of resilin, but
types of microscopy, and the results of some of this research appear at C.37 - C.103.
G:A6, 6.29, G87 10, G.95.-C.99, G12, Gt 133.
The work was continued in Cambridge after Weis-Fogh's appointment to the Chair of
Zoology in 1966 (see D.1 - D.26).
Further material on resilin is to be found at E.39-E.44, E.49, E.52,
SyOepsOoe BiG, Feely Pa opi) 215. bs ep. Fe 27dete 00, eae, Gace,
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Research in Copenhagen
EARLY WORK ON RESILIN 1957-64
Photographs.
Water content.
Folder labelled 'Rubberlike materials.
Morphology and function’.
Histology.
The photographs have been removed (see C.6 below) but
the other contents remain, describing experiments, 1957-58,
on the elastic tendon of various insects, including locusts.
There are also some notes on the histology of Aeshna elastic
tendon dated 5 January 1960.
Folder labelled 'Elastic tendon.
Contains notes on experiments with elastic tendon from
Aeshna cyanea and Aeshna grandis,
Primary material’.
1957-58.
Folder labelled 'Experiments with prealar arm'. Contains
laboratory notes and comments on experimental results,
June 1958.
Folder labelled 'Damping of prealar arm'.
laboratory notes, diagrams and calculations, July-September
1958.
Contains
It. [Latina resilio -
This refers to the naming of the
Folder labelled 'Elastic material: Chemistry and digestion’.
On the front of the
Contains notes on experiments 1957-60.
folder, in Weis-Fogh's hand, is written 'Resilin.
to spring back, to rebound’.
new protein discovered by Weis-Fogh in 1958 (see B.136).
Also included is a Xerox copy of a paper on resilin by K. Bailey
and Weis-Fogh published in Biochim.Biophys.Acta, 1961, in
which it is stated that the name was suggested by Professor
D.S. Robertson, Cambridge.
which were originally attached with sellotape.
Envelope containing photographs of prealar arm and elastic
tendon and some data re conditions for photography, etc.,
This may originally have been filed with the other
1958.
contents of C.1 above.
Large notebook labelled 'Resilin.
laboratory notes and drawings 1959-61 and many empty pages.
Includes set of notes headed'First successful "taming"/stabilization
of resilin' 17 February 1961.
There are several loose pages
T. Weis-Fogh. Contains
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Research in Copenhagen
Material relating to paper 'A rubber-like protein in insect
cuticle’ (J.exp.Biol. 1960), referredto by Weis-Fogh as
Includes graphs, drawings, notes and a few
'Resilin I'.
photographs, 1959-60, with ¢ copy of Weis-Fogh's letter
submitting the paper for publication.
Material relating to paper 'Thermodynamic properties of
resilin, a rubber-like protein’ (J.mol.Biol. 1961).
paper is referred to by Weis-Fogh as Resilin IV (later changed
to Ill).
This
Folder labelled (in Danish) 'Elastic tendon. Thermo-elasticity'.
Contains notes, graphs, calculations and experimental data,
1958-60, collected together as a basis for the figures illustrating
the paper.
Folder containing similar material to the above, 1959-61,
including parts of a ms. draft of the paper and correspon-
dence with the Editor of the Journal of Molecular Biology
oe.
1961.
Material relating to paper 'Onthe structure of resilin' by
G.F. Elliott, A.F. Huxley and T. Weis-Fogh (J.mol.Biol.
1965).
Folder includes:
Correspondence with G.F. Elliott and G.N.
Ramachandran (Weis-Fogh's carbon only).
Ms. drafts in Weis~Fogh's hand including one
dated 12 September 1964 with corrections by
Elliott and himself.
Miscellaneous background notes and photographs.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Researchin Copenhagen
CH12-€ 0
OTHER RESEARCH (MAINLY ON INSECT PHYSIOLOGY) 1958-65
oe ¥-
Large notebook labelled ‘Muscle and nerve.
(Microscopy until 19.7.61). T. Weis-Fogh'.
Much of the book is empty, but there are some notes in
English and Danish and diagrams of experimental apparatus
at the front.
19.1.61.-64.
Large notebook labelled 'Microscopy.
Torkel Weis-Fogh'.
he book is largely empty, but the first few pages contain
notes on techniques for various types of microscopyin English
and Danish, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1968-69.
Started 1987.61.
Notes, graphs, diagrams and calculations re muscle.
They are prefaced bya letter from Weis-Fogh in Danish
dated 3 November 1960 beginning 'Dear E.G. EErik Gettrup J
Herewith the "data book" with the insertion "Experiment 15
Folder also includes Weis-Fogh's
removed for calculation".
‘Comments on Gettrup's calculations’ 18 February 1961,
'Exp. 15' with corrections and a ‘Scheme for revision' possibly
in Gettrup's hand.
CeO
Their collaborative workis
C.18
Laboratory notes on muscle experiments, 1960.
Folder contains:
Work with D.M. Wilson on locust muscle.
D.M. Wilson worked in Weis-Fogh's laboratory 1959-60 and
Weis-Fogh spent 3 weeks with him at Berkeley, November-
December 1961, in order to write up a joint paper (see C.19)
which was published in 1962.
well documented in the following items.
See also under Wilson in Index of Corres pondents.
in mesothorax of Schistocerca gregaria’.
'Post mortem dissections'.
"Miscellaneous flight recording situations’. Ms. notes
by Wilson and Weis-Fogh.
Laboratory notes re filming of 'pronator-supinator action
Typescript description of experimental aims and
techniques with additional notes by Wilson and Weis-Fogh.
'Muscle action potential recordings', 16 June-8 September
1960.
Typescript laboratory notes.
Laboratory notes in Wilson's hand.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Research in Coper
Various notes on experimental results by Weis-Fogh and
Wilson, August-September 1960, including records of a
discussion 10 September 1960.
‘Summary of results to date on dorsal longitudinal flight
muscle of metathorax of Schistocerca gregaria’ by A.C.
This summary was presumably
Neville, 6 October 1961.
written for Weis-Fogh's visit to Berkeley laterin the year.
Neville worked in Weis~Fogh's laboratory September-
December 1959 and 1961-63.
of Correspondents.
See C.20-C.22 and Index
Typescript of the above with annotations by Weis-Fogh
and Wilson, and some photographs and drawings.
‘Patterned activity of co-ordinated motor units, studied
Summary of
in flying locusts.
experimental results, and outline for draft of the joint
Typescript with annotations by Weis-Fogh and
paper.
Wilson and some additional ms. notes by Weis-Fogh dated
2 December 1961.
Berkeley 1.12.61 .'
Work with A.C. Neville 1959-65.
Odonata’.
Folder labelled 'Functional morphology.
Includes:
'Statement on joint work concerning homologies in
locust and dragonfly pterothorax by A.C. Neville
There
and T. Weis-Fogh, 30th November 1959".
is another copy of this, with figures, at G.82.
Notes on dragonflies labelled 'A~E' 1957-58.
Note E is headed 'TWF - Neville - discussion
Cambridge 11.2.58'.
Several pages of notes, November 1959, headed
'TWE - Neville - discussion’.
onlocust flight muscle! (J.exp. Biol. 1963).
See also under Neville in Index of Correspondents.
Folder labelled 'Neville and Weis-Fogh. Tp. and flight
muscle 1962'.
and two drafts of a joint paper
Contains notes, graphs, calculations
'The effect of temperature
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Research in Copenhagen
Envelope containing typescript draft of a paper by Ak.
Neville 'Circadian organization of chitin in some insect
letter from
skeletons', with comments by Weis-Fogh and
Neville to accompany the ms., 22 April 1965. A draft
of Weis-Fogh's reply appears on both sides of the envelope.
Also included is a set of photographs with typescript
captions.
Notes on ‘Aeshna flight muscles.
Weis-Fogh paginated these notes but later put some of them
out of sequence.
incorporate some earlier material.
They mostly date from 1962 but may
Tracheal supply’.
‘October 1962-December 1962.
paginated 1-70.
Diffusion’.
Set of notes
Further material on diffusion, December 1962.
calculations, notes, diagrams and a set of notes in Danish.
Includes
4 sets of notes as
g
fF
t
‘Functional design of thetracheal systemof flying insects
Typescript with ms.
as compared with the avian lung'.
corrections of paper published in J.exp.Biol. 1964.
Included is correspondence with V.B. Wigglesworth, 1963-64.
Notes on insectflight, 1960, 1963.
follows:
Folder marked 'Original material for Tracheal System! (in
Notes, drawings, photographs, etc., 1949-62.
Danish).
re airscrews.
6 pp. in Danish, but headed ‘Current problems
in research, etc. etc.', 3 April 1960.
Set of notes in English headed ‘Flapping flight.
Dimensional considerations’, 8 January 1963.
Set of notes in English headed 'Lift and sower'
13 May 1963.
3 pp. notes, undated, headed 'Three limitations
each with ownset of rules’.
Also included here are some undated notes and calculations
T. Weis~Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Research in Copenhagen
Folder containing miscellaneous notes and diagrams re
equipment and techniques,mostly 1962-64, but some
undated andprobably earlier.
Typescript in Danish 'Carbohydrate in haemolymph of
Schistocerca gregaria’ signed 'Svend Olav Andersen, 11
April1962'.
For further material re Andersen,
ee
'
see Index of Corres ondents.
Pp
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Research in Copenhagen
GigeG 10g
RESEARCH ON THE PROPERTIES OF RESILIN AND ELASTOMERS
ININSECTS 1964-66(includes correspondenceto1969)
C.31-C.3
European Office of Aerospace Research.
United States Air Force
Grant to Weis-Fogh for research on 'Properties ofresilin
and elastomers in insects', 1965-69. The work was begun
in Copenhagen and continued in Cambridge after Weis-Fogh's
appointmentto the Chair of Zoology in 1966.
Correspondence 1964-65, mainly withofficials of the
European Office of Aerospace Research.
Fogh's application for the grant and a copy of the contract.
Correspondence 1966, mainly re conditions for transferring
research work to Cambridge in Autumn 1966, and routine
administrative matters.
Includes Weis~
Correspondence 1967-69.
Invoices, Accounts, etc. 1965-69.
Notes re equipment, quotations, catalogues, etc.
Progress reports on research, submitted by Weis-Fogh to
European Office of Aerospace Research, 1965-69, with
some background material.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Research in Copenhagen
C.37-C. 103
The following items contain the results of a compre-
hensive surveyof resilin using different types of microscopy
All the work was done
and comparing the results obtained.
in Copenhagen 1965-66.
Items C.37 - C.96 consist of photographs of the locust
i
ar
prealar amandwing hinge viewed underthe electron microscope.
The photographs are grouped in envelopes bearing their numbers
the date, and notes in Danish (not in Weis-Fogh's hand) re type
and provenance of section, magnification, and any pointsof
re photographic
interest in the photographs.
conditions, etc. are included inside the envelope.
Other data
uv
c
f
t
The photographs are presented as received but it will
be seen that the sequence of numbers is not complete. The
reason for this is not known.
379-398
410-429
433-452
28.6.65.
14.7.65.
28.8.65.
24.9.65.
24.9.65.
24.9.65.
&. 10.635.
495-514
516-533
536-555
455-466
469-480
587-606
608-627
3 Rt0e.
Sint Ons
21.10.65.
Parts of 512-533, at greater magnification
+ is Gos
21.10.65.
24.11.65.
24.11.65.
Za: peas
23. 11260+
21.10.65.
21.10.65.
764-783
786-797
677-682
688-707
629-648
650-669
+1. 13260.
713-732
734-742
743-762
8.11.65.
T. Weis-Fogh
CSAC 65/3/79
Research in Copenhagen
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208-227
305-311
318-327
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WEIS-FOGH, Torkel v2
Published: 20 November, 2023 Author: admin